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This is a brief video on non-hereditary demyleinating disorders.

I created this presentation with Google Slides.
Image were created or taken from Wikimedia Commons
I created this video with the YouTube Video Editor.

ADDITIONAL TAGS:
Acquired demyelinating diseases
Non-hereditary diseases in which normally-formed myelin degenerates as a result of insult on myelin or oligodendrocytes with preservation of the axons
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis
By BruceBlaus – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44926477

Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Most common chronic CNS disorder in young adults (up to 1/1000)
Perivascular inflammation
Shows both acute and chronic lesions (polyphasic)
Acute: loss of oligodendrocytes; reactive astrocytes/macrophages
Chronic: fibrous astrocyte gliosis
Diagnosed with MRI and oligoclonal IgG bands in CSF (but not in serum)
RIGHT: abundant neutrophils and macrophages infiltrate where myelin is missing (top-left of image)
Distinct lesion edge
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis
By Marvin 101 – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2846763

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Resembles MS (sometimes called borderline form of MS)
Thought to follow viral infection (flu, MMR, herpes)
Perivenous inflammation
Loss of white matter to the vessels, histo shows macrophages
Monophasic lesions in white matter
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Caused by the papovavirus JC virus
Most people have positive serology for JC (infected), with virus kept under control
Complication for immunocompromised patients (AIDS)
Early stage: multiple demyelination foci in white matter
Late stage: growing necrotic lesion involves cortex
Histo:
Macrophages engulfing myelin debris; not many other WBCs bc immunocompromised
Large, bizarre, transformed astrocytes
Enlarged oligodendroglial nuclei
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis

Leukoencephalopathy associated with AIDS
Perivascular giant cells (multinucleated, with HIV antigens)
Release toxic cytokines that play role in pathogenesis
Causes AIDS dementia
Pallor of cerebral white matter (myelin degeneration not seen on histo)
Normal CT on left, AIDS brain on right
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis
LEFT:
By Afiller (talk) (Uploads) – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23542660

RIGHT:
Public domain (government work)

Central pontine myelinolysis
Pathogenesis
Patients have chronic, severe hyponatremia (low Na)
Intracellular adaptations (cells pump out other osmoles) to compensate
Patients treated with saline to increase serum tonicity
Cells can’t decompensate fast enough, causes shearing of the myelin cells
Predominantly iatrogenic
Demyelination is worse at base of pons (sometimes lateral geniculate bodies and internal/external capsules → osmotic myelinolysis)
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis
Pontine perivascular fibers hypointense to the rest of the pons
By Jto410 – clinical work as a radiologist, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25606029
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Founded in 1950, our program was the first clinic in Boston devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of kidney disease and hypertension.

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Watch as Specialist Gastroenterologist, Dr. B. Prakash Shankar, talks about the causes, effects and treatments of H. Pylori.

#Gastro #StomachHealth #stomachdoctorindubai #gastricproblems #gastroenterologistindubai #clinicininternationalcity #pylori
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Simone Sabbioni recovers after slipping during both his qualifying heat and time trial to advance to the 100m backstroke semifinals #NBCSports #SimoneSabbioni #FINAWorldChampionships

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Major malfunction at swimming worlds causes slips at starts | NBC Sports
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https://www.simplyswim.com/blogs/blog/4-most-commonly-injured-body-parts-in-swimming

Just like any sport sometimes injury just happen when swimming. Whether you’re casual swimming, competitive swimming or even wild swimming.
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Helicobacter pylori, previously known as Campylobacter pylori, is a gram-negative, microaerophilic, spiral (helical) bacterium usually found in the stomach.[5] Its helical shape (from which the genus name, helicobacter, derives) is thought to have evolved in order to penetrate the mucoid lining of the stomach and thereby establish infection.[7][8] The bacterium was first identified in 1982 by Australian doctors Barry Marshall and Robin Warren.[9][10][11] H. pylori has been associated with lymphomas of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in the stomach, esophagus, colon, rectum, or tissues around the eye (termed extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the cited organ),[12][13] and of lymphoid tissue in the stomach (termed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma).[14]

H. pylori infection usually has no symptoms but sometimes causes gastritis (stomach inflammation) or ulcers of the stomach or first part of the small intestine. The infection is also associated with the development of certain cancers occurring in less than 20% of cases.[15] Many investigators have suggested that H. pylori causes or prevents a wide range of other diseases, but many of these relationships remain controversial.[16][17][18][19]

Some studies suggest that H. pylori plays an important role in the natural stomach ecology, e.g. by influencing the type of bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tract.[15][18] Other studies suggest that non-pathogenic strains of H. pylori may beneficially normalize stomach acid secretion,[20] and regulate appetite.[20]

In 2015, it was estimated that over 50% of the world’s population had H. pylori in their upper gastrointestinal tracts[6] with this infection (or colonization) being more common in developing countries.[4] In recent decades, however, the prevalence of H. pylori colonization of the gastrointestinal tract has declined in many countries.[21] Up to 90% of people infected with H. pylori never experience symptoms or complications.[22] However, individuals infected with H. pylori have a 10% to 20% lifetime risk of developing peptic ulcers.[23][24] Acute infection may appear as an acute gastritis with abdominal pain (stomach ache) or nausea.[3] Where this develops into chronic gastritis, the symptoms, if present, are often those of non-ulcer dyspepsia: Stomach pains, nausea, bloating, belching, and sometimes vomiting.[25][26] Pain typically occurs when the stomach is empty, between meals, and in the early morning hours, but it can also occur at other times. Less common ulcer symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.

Bleeding in the stomach can also occur as evidenced by the passage of black stools; prolonged bleeding may cause anemia leading to weakness and fatigue. If bleeding is heavy, hematemesis, hematochezia, or melena may occur. Inflammation of the pyloric antrum, which connects the stomach to the duodenum, is more likely to lead to duodenal ulcers, while inflammation of the corpus (i.e. body of the stomach) is more likely to lead to gastric ulcers.[27][28] Individuals infected with H. pylori may also develop colorectal[29][30] or gastric[31] polyps, i.e. non-cancerous growths of tissue projecting from the mucous membranes of these organs. Usually, these polyps are asymptomatic but gastric polyps may be the cause of dyspepsia, heartburn, bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract, and, rarely, gastric outlet obstruction[31] while colorectal polyps may be the cause of rectal bleeding, anemia, constipation, diarrhea, weight loss, and abdominal pain.[32]

Individuals with chronic H. pylori infection have an increased risk of acquiring a cancer that is directly related to this infection.[12][13][23][24] These cancers are stomach adenocarcinoma, less commonly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the stomach,[14] or extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of the stomach,[33][34] or, more rarely, of the colon,[13][34] rectum,[35] esophagus,[36] or ocular adenexa (i.e. orbit, conjunctiva, and/or eyelids).[37][38] The signs, symptoms, pathophysiology, and diagnoses of these cancers are given in the cited linkages.
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The Helicobacter Pylori (also known as H. Pylori) bacteria has been known to cause 84% of all stomach cancers!

Watch to find out more about H. Pylori, how you can be diagnosed with H. Pylori infection, and if you have been infected, the available treatment options.

If you want to know more, book a consultation with your gastroenterologist to evaluate your condition and to see if you require further investigations with your symptoms.

–
If you would like to learn more about all fields of digestive disorders, you are welcome to follow us at:

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What is Wilson’s disease (Wilson disease)? You usually take in more copper than your body needs every day, and any excess is excreted. Find more videos at http://osms.it/more.

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Medical disclaimer: Knowledge Diffusion Inc (DBA Osmosis) does not provide medical advice. Osmosis and the content available on Osmosis’s properties (Osmosis.org, YouTube, and other channels) do not provide a diagnosis or other recommendation for treatment and are not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare professional in diagnosis and treatment of any person or animal. The determination of the need for medical services and the types of healthcare to be provided to a patient are decisions that should be made only by a physician or other licensed health care provider. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you have regarding a medical condition.
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There is much interest in the role of nutrients and micronutrients in the support of host defense against infections. However, there is controversy in the ability of supplements to help prevent or treat infections. Speakers will discuss research on the role of vitamin D supplements to prevent and/or treat recurrent ear infections in children and even the common cold.

Susanna Esposito, Univ. degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
David R. Murdoch, Univ. of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand

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Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola, is a viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses.Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. At this time, some people begin to bleed both internally and externally.The disease has a high risk of death, killing 25% to 90% of those infected, with an average of about 50%. This is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss, and typically follows 6 to 16 days after symptoms appear.

The virus spreads through direct contact with body fluids, such as blood from infected humans or other animals. Spread may also occur from contact with items recently contaminated with bodily fluids.Spread of the disease through the air between primates, including humans, has not been documented in either laboratory or natural conditions. Semen or breast milk of a person after recovery from EVD may carry the virus for several weeks to months.Fruit bats are believed to be the normal carrier in nature, able to spread the virus without being affected by it.Other diseases such as malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, meningitis and other viral hemorrhagic fevers may resemble EVD. Blood samples are tested for viral RNA, viral antibodies or for the virus itself to confirm the diagnosis.
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In March 2014, the Ministry of Health of Guinea notified the World Health Organization of an Ebola virus disease outbreak in the south-eastern part of the country. This video was produced in April 2014. The virus rapidly spread to the capital, Conakry, as well as to neighbouring countries, such as Liberia. This is the first Ebola outbreak in West Africa. WHO, along with partners in the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) and other international organizations, responded to requests from countries and deployed doctors and nurses, laboratory technicians, epidemiologists, logisticians, and other support staff to Conakry and other affected locations.
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H.Pylori is a bacterial infection which affects the stomach mucosa or the gastric mucosa. More often in the duodenal area also. What causes the gastric infection is we consume some food materials or eat something from outside which is not so hygienic. Say even if I bite my nail, I am trying to harbor all infections that are there into mouth. This would have happened even for a small baby, who might even lick on the floor or touch the hand on the floor and lick on the mouth. This might happen on a regular basis. but fortunately our body is good enough to establish immunity against whatever little organism it may be, the bacteria or the fungus or the or any other pathogens. But rarely the H.Pylori becomes resistant against the immunity what our body develops, then they develop an active infection in the gastric mucosa. Unfortunate part about this H.Pylori infection is that patient is vulnerable against this H.Pylori, the patient has a high possibility of developing a peptic ulcer or a gastric ulcer or more often a duodenal ulcer. It is relatively very easy to do this, where we do a breath test and we do this and identify the patient infected with H.Pylori and treated the patient with antibiotics, usually with tinidazole or amoxicillin and it is treated in a very short period of 5 days course and the patient is free of H.Pylori infection and ulcer possibly heals without much difficulty.
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What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)? Chronic kidney disease is described as any loss of kidney functioning that develops beyond a 3 month period.
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Medical disclaimer: Knowledge Diffusion Inc (DBA Osmosis) does not provide medical advice. Osmosis and the content available on Osmosis’s properties (Osmosis.org, YouTube, and other channels) do not provide a diagnosis or other recommendation for treatment and are not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare professional in diagnosis and treatment of any person or animal. The determination of the need for medical services and the types of healthcare to be provided to a patient are decisions that should be made only by a physician or other licensed health care provider. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you have regarding a medical condition.

Kidney (Renal) Disease Signs & Symptoms (ex. Peripheral Edema, Fatigue, Itchiness)

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Lesson on the Clinical Signs & Symptoms of Kidney (Renal) Disease, including nephrotic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, etc. The kidney has many functions critical for maintaining health and well-being, including electrolyte balance, production of red blood cells, and excretion of toxic waste products. If the kidney is impaired, many signs and symptoms can occur. In this lesson, you will learn a list of clinical signs and symptoms of kidney (renal) disease, and you will also learn why these signs and symptoms occur and the pathogenesis surrounding these clinical issues.

If you found this video helpful, please like and subscribe for more videos like this one 🙂

JJ

****EXCLAIMER: The content (ex. images) used in this lesson are used in accordance with Fair Use laws and are intended for educational/teaching purposes only.****

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EXCLAIMER: The content used in this lesson is used in accordance with Fair Use laws and is intended for educational purposes only.

**MEDICAL DISCLAIMER**: JJ Medicine does not provide medical advice, and the information available on this channel does not offer a diagnosis or advice regarding treatment. Information presented in these lessons is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY, and information presented here is NOT TO BE USED as an alternative to a healthcare professional’s diagnosis and treatment of any person/animal.

Only a physician or other licensed healthcare professional are able to determine the requirement for medical assistance to be given to a patient. Please seek the advice of your physician or other licensed healthcare provider if you have any questions regarding a medical condition.

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Check out some of my other lessons.

Medical Terminology – The Basics – Lesson 1:

Infectious Disease Playlist

Dermatology Playlist

Pharmacology Playlist

Hematology Playlist

Rheumatology Playlist

Endocrinology Playlist

Nephrology Playlist

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*Although I try my best to present accurate information, there may be mistakes in this video. If you do see any mistakes with information in this lesson, please comment and let me know.*
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Dropsy is a clinical sign indicating loss of fluid balance where there is a net influx of water. This is most commonly due to damage to kidney, gills and skin, from a variety of infectious and non-infectious causes. The prognosis for survival is poor.

In this video Dr Loh visits a pond where the owner is experiencing loss of fish that are developing bloated bodies. Dr Loh examines one of the goldfish showing signs of dropsy to see what is causing the problem

To reach a diagnosis we do a full water quality analysis and microscopic examination of skin mucus scrapes and gill biopsies to exclude any underlying disease issues (e.g. ectoparasites). We also perform blood tests and bacterial cultures to help with making a diagnosis. These findings are essential to formulate a treatment regimen to prevent the problem occurring in the remaining fish population.

Disclaimer:

The opinions expressed on this channel and by Dr Loh are created for educational and informational purposes only, and are not intended as a diagnosis, treatment or as a substitute for professional Veterinary advice, diagnosis and treatment. If you have a question or concern about your own fish, please consult a local Veterinarian or professional to address your needs or concerns, or for advice on specific treatments for your aquatic pets.

The Fish Doctor Channel does not endorse or recommend any commercial products, medical treatments, pharmaceuticals, brand names, processes, or services, or the use of any trade, firm, or corporation. Names are for the information and education of the viewing public, and the mention of any of the above on the channel does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation by The Fish Doctor channel or Dr Loh.
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When cultivating an aquarium, you are likely to run into a variety of freshwater aquarium fish diseases and conditions including dropsy. Learn how to treat and prevent these diseases so you can better protect your fish.
When it comes to keeping your aquarium fish healthy there are many aquarium fish diseases you need to be on guard against. It is not uncommon for new aquarium owners to be caught off guard by conditions like dropsy because they can pop up unexpectedly. Before you can treat your fish for dropsy, you must first learn what it is and what causes it. Often incorrectly referred to as a disease, dropsy is actually an internal bacterial infection that causes the bodies of aquarium fish to swell. Though dropsy in itself is not typically contagious, the conditions which lead to the contraction of dropsy can have negative effects on other fish in the tank if not remedied quickly. In this article you will learn the basics about what dropsy is, how it can be treated, and how to prevent it in the first place.

Symptoms of Dropsy in Fish

Dropsy is a condition that commonly affects goldfish and other freshwater aquarium fish — the symptoms of this condition are fairly easy to recognize because they involve the swelling of the belly or, in some cases the whole body, of the fish. In addition to swelling, some of your fish’s scales may begin to protrude from its body almost to the point where it looks like they might pop off. Fish that have dropsy are also likely to experience behavioral changes, becoming lethargic, hovering near the top of bottom of the aquarium rather than swimming around – affected fish may also lose their appetite. Some fish may even have sunken eyes or their eyes may begin to swell and bulge.

Causes of Dropsy
In most cases, dropsy is the result of a bacterial infection caused by bacteria Aeromonas. Aeromonas is a bacteria that is commonly found in most fish tanks but it is only like to infect fish that are stressed due to overcrowding or poor water quality. Dropsy can also affect fish that have poor kidney function, a condition which may result in the absorption of water into the body cavity which causes the stomach of the fish to swell. Although dropsy is not usually contagious, it is a good idea to isolate any sick fish from those that are healthy so you can treat the ill fish before returning them to the community tank.

Treatment Methods

If you suspect that one or more of your aquarium fish are suffering from dropsy, follow these steps to treat the condition:

1. Isolate the sick fish in a hospital tank. To make water changes easier, this tank should be kept bare except for a filter and heater, if necessary. The temperature of the hospital tank should be as close to that of the original tank as possible.

2. Create a salt bath by adding no more than 2.5 teaspoons of Epsom salt for every ten gallons of water in the hospital tank. The magnesium sulfate in the Epsom salts may help to draw the excess water out of the fish’s body that caused it to swell.

3. Feed your fish antibacterial fish food. You can either purchase prepared antibacterial fish food or make your own by creating a 1% mixture of fish food and an antibiotic like chloromycetin or tetracycline.

4. Continue to feed your fish antibiotic fish food and monitor their progress for 7 to 10 days.

5. If no improvement is seen after several days of treatment, treat the aquarium water with Maracyn Two. This medication is effective against bacterial infections and is absorbed through the skin of fish.

6. If, after ten days of treatment, your fish shows no signs of improvement or if it becomes worse it may be that the cause of dropsy is not bacterial. If the antibiotics do not work and the salt bath is ineffective, there may be nothing else you can do for your fish.

To find out about other treatments for dropsy you can contact your local pet store and seek advice from the professionals there but dropsy is a notoriously difficult disease to cure and other treatments may be just as ineffective.

How to Prevent Dropsy

As is true of most tropical fish diseases, the best way to prevent dropsy is to maintain good water quality in your tank by staying on top of routine maintenance tasks. Perform routine weekly water changes in your fish tank; changing out between 10% and 20% of your aquarium’s water volume. You should also perform a larger water change of 25% the tank volume once a month. It is also important to give your fish enough space in the aquarium – overcrowding can result in stress and illness. Avoid feeding your fish too much as well because uneaten fish food that sinks to the bottom of the tank will decompose and it may negatively affect water quality in the tank.

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