A young Chow Chow has a large paw lump around 1 cm x 0.8 cm. Is it a lick granuloma or a skin tumour?
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Dr. Matilda Hagan, with Mercy Medical Center, talks about Crohn’s disease.
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I talk about Dropsy and different things that can cause Dropsy, and how to treat it to potentially save your fish’s life.
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Today we are discussing kidney failure symptoms, the signs of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Many of my patients whom I diagnose had no idea of the kidney failure symptoms. Many of them were also unaware that they were even at risk for kidney failure or kidney disease.

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Whether you realize it or not, you know of many people who are living with kidney disease, including Selena Gomez, Nick Cannon, Tracy Morgan, George Lopez. Over 37 million Americans are living with kidney disease and many of them don’t even know it. If you had symptoms of kidney failure, wouldn’t you want to know? Well, today we are discussing 10 symptoms of kidney failure. Keep watching.

1. Fatigue
2. Insomnia
3. Pruritus
4. Urinating Frequently
5. Bubbly or Foamy Urine
6. Leg or Ankle Swelling
7. Loss of Appetite
8. Nausea and Vomiting
9. A Bad Taste in your Mouth or Bad Breath
10. Tremor or The Shakes

These are just some of the kidney failure symptoms. There are many, many more, including memory loss. Oh and there’s one important symptom of kidney failure, no symptom. Early on in kidney disease, you may have no symptoms at all. That is why it is so important that you see your primary care physician, ask to be screened for kidney disease, and find out what your risk factors are. You want to stay healthy. Another way to stay healthy is to download my free PDF, 10 Healthy Habits For A Better You And A Better Life. This is a healthy habits checklist that I use personally. It works for me and I believe that it will work for you too.

This video is intended to be informational only. It is not a medical consultation, nor is it personalized medical advice. For medical advice, please consult your physician.
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There are so many procedures and tests that patients with Crohns Disease must go through! Which procedures are most effective for people with Crohns Disease?

In this video, I discuss what my preferred procedure is for eople with Crohns Disease, which other procedures are useful, which radiology tests are helpful, which radiology test do I suggest, what is the best way to evaluate fistulas, and if an MRI isn’t available what test should I get?

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Be Sure to Check Out Other Relevant Content:
– Understand the Different Types of Crohn’s Fistulas: https://youtu.be/aIckKgmQLZA
– Why These Symptoms Occur in Crohn’s Disease: https://youtu.be/PwIyQfwms9U

DISCLAIMER: While I am a Gastroenterologist, I am not acting as your Gastroenterologist. The information provided on this channel is intended to be general educational content and not directed towards any one individual. If you believe you have a medical condition that deserves attention please seek care from your healthcare provider. If you are experiencing a life threatening emergency, call 911.
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DKD, or diabetic nephropathy: pathophysiology, symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis and management. For patient education. This video is available for instant download licensing here: https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/narrated-videos-by-topics/diabetes/-/medias/0079bcc6-2a8f-48d6-947d-57b464d2e271-diabetic-kidney-disease-narrated-animation
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Voice by : Marty Henne
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All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Diabetic kidney disease, or diabetic nephropathy, is kidney disease caused by diabetes. It’s a very common diabetic complication, affecting about one third of people with diabetes type 1, and half of those with diabetes type 2. Diabetic kidney disease is responsible for most of the excess mortality associated with diabetes.
Because the kidneys remove metabolic wastes, control blood pH, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, as well as produce several hormones; loss of kidney function results in accumulation of toxic wastes, electrolyte imbalances, and a number of other health problems.
The disease develops slowly over time, progressing from renal insufficiency to end-stage renal failure. Often, initial loss of renal tissue does not produce any symptoms. Symptoms typically appear when a significant portion of kidney function is already lost. The ability to concentrate urine is usually the first to be impaired, resulting in frequent trips to the bathroom, especially at night. Other early signs include fatigue, loss of appetite, and decreased mental ability.
Chronic high blood glucose levels, together with high blood pressure caused by diabetes, bring damage to tiny blood vessels in the kidneys, affecting their functions. Cellular degeneration in the functional units of the kidneys, the nephrons, in particular the podocytes of renal glomeruli, further contributes to the impairment of renal functions.
Diabetes, especially when poorly managed, is the biggest risk factor for chronic kidney disease. Other risk factors are the same as those for high blood pressure and include smoking, having high cholesterol levels, and being overweight.
Because initial loss of renal tissue does not produce any symptoms, it is important for diabetic patients to test annually for kidney functions. The tests typically include blood and urine analysis.
Prevention and management strategies consist of controlling blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels; all of which can be achieved with a combination of lifestyle changes and medications.
Lifestyle measures typically include a healthy diet with low salt intake, increased physical activity, weight management, and smoking cessation.
Among all blood pressure lowering medications, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, which block the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, work best to protect kidney functions.
End-stage kidney disease requires dialysis or kidney transplantation.

Chronic Kidney Disease | CKD | kidney disease symptoms | kidney failure | how to reverse kidney disease | kidney disease prognosis | kidney disease signs

10 signs and symptoms of chronic kidney diseases, and 9 measures to lower your risk.

Chronic kidney disease is a progressive condition. Chronic kidney disease is more prevalent in older individuals, women and in people experiencing diabetes mellitus and hypertension.

Sign and symptoms that may be seen in kidney diseases:

Tiredness, having less energy or having trouble concentrating. 
Trouble sleeping
Dry and itchy skin 
Urge to urinate more often
Blood in your urine
Your urine is foamy
Puffy eyes
Swollen ankles and feet 
Poor appetite
Muscle cramping.

Few Golden Rules of Prevention to lower your chances of getting kidney disease are:

1. Getting regular check-ups with 2 simple tests: a urine test and blood test. A urine test called albumin creatinine ratio (ACR). A blood test called glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 

2. Maintaining Blood Pressure
High blood pressure can damage your kidneys and increase your chances of getting kidney disease. 

3. Manage Blood Sugar
High blood sugar levels can cause blood vessels inside the kidney to become narrow and clogged and can cause damage to the blood vessels and harm the kidneys. 

4. Eat a Healthy Diet
A healthy diet can help lower blood pressure and blood lipids (fat in the blood). 

5. Exercise
Exercise can help you keep a healthy weight, control blood pressure and cholesterol, build strength and endurance, and lower your chances of getting kidney disease. 

6. Quit Smoking
Smoking causes diseases in every organ of the body, including the kidneys. 

7. Do not overuse medicines:
Using too much pain medicine like NSAIDs may cause kidney disease.

8. Limit alcohol intake:
Alcohol increases your blood pressure. The extra calories in it can make you gain weight, too

10. Ask your health care provider the few questions about your kidney health that are mentioned in our video.

#kidneydisease
#kidneyhealth
#chronickidneydisease
#kidney

Medical disclaimer: Medinaz Academy does not provide medical advice. The content available in our books and videos, on our website, or on our social media handles do not provide a diagnosis or other recommendation for treatment and are not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare professional in diagnosis and treatment of any person or animal. We intend to provide educational information only. The determination of the need for medical services and the types of healthcare to be provided to a patient are decisions that should be made only by a physician or other licensed health care provider. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you have regarding a medical condition.

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(USMLE topics) Crohn disease: pathophysiology, symptoms, causes, risk factors, complications, diagnosis and treatments. This video is available for instant download licensing here: https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/narrated-videos-by-topics/digestive-diseases/-/medias/47f8d399-6671-487c-909c-2ed1eb5b6a77-crohn-s-disease-narrated-animation
Voice by: Ashley Fleming
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All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Crohn’s disease is one of the 2 major forms of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammation caused by Crohn’s disease may affect any parts of the gastrointestinal tract, but it most commonly involves the end of the small bowel, the ileum, and the beginning of the colon. The inflammation is not continuous, inflamed segments are usually interrupted by normal healthy tissues.
Most people experience recurrent flares, when the disease is active, followed by symptom-free periods of remission.
Symptoms may differ depending on the parts of the digestive tract that are affected. Most common signs include diarrhea, abdominal pain and tenderness, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue and fever. Blood in stools occurs when the colon is involved; nausea and vomiting are usually the signs that the stomach or the first part of the small intestine is affected. About one third of patients present with perianal disease, including abscess, fistulas and ulcers. The disease also often manifests outside the intestine, especially in the joints, skin, and eyes.
Inflammation in Crohn’s disease extends to the entire thickness of the intestinal wall. Deep lesions in the mucosa often alternate with areas of mucosal swelling, creating a characteristic cobblestoned appearance. Extensive inflammation may cause thickening of the bowel wall and hypertrophy of the mesenteric fat that wraps around the intestine (creeping fat). Intestinal wall thickening, together with scar formation, may block the flow of digestive content, leading to bowel obstruction. Ulcers can extend through the bowel wall and form tunnels, called fistulas, which may connect to other loops of the intestine, to abdominal organs, muscles and even skin. A fistula may become infected and form abscesses, which can be life-threatening if not treated. In the long-term, Crohn’s disease may increase risks for colon cancers.
The disease has a major peak of onset between the age of 20 and 30, and a smaller peak later in life. White individuals, people with family history, and smokers are at higher risks.
The exact mechanism of Crohn’s disease is not fully understood, but it likely involves both genetic and environmental factors. Multiple genes are identified, most of which act in the immune system, or in maintaining the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier. This barrier separates the gut content from the underlying immune system, preventing the body from reacting to dietary antigens and resident bacteria of the gut. A crack in the barrier may increase the chance that the immune system overreacts to non-pathogenic antigens from the gut content.
Involvement of environmental factors is evidenced by higher disease incidence in developed countries, especially urban areas.
Diagnosis is made based on a combination of tests and imaging procedures.
Treatments start with dietary management to maintain good nutrition but avoid foods that may exacerbate symptoms. Some patients may benefit from nutrition therapy, a special diet given via a feeding tube or injected into a vein. The therapy provides nutrition while allowing the bowel to rest, reducing inflammation.
A number of medications can be prescribed depending on disease severity and the patient’s response to different drugs. These may include: antidiarrheals, anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, corticosteroids, immunomodulators and biologics.
Abscesses and fistulas are drained and treated with antibiotics.
Nearly half of patients require at least one surgery to manage recurrent intestinal obstructions or complicated fistulas or abscesses. Surgical removal of the diseased parts of the bowel may improve symptoms temporarily, but is not a cure, because the disease is likely to recur, usually near the reconnected tissue.

Crohn’s disease is difficult to diagnose, because the symptoms overlap with other diseases. Physicals, x-rays, colonoscopies and biopsies aid in diagnosis.
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What is multiple sclerosis? Multiple sclerosis is a chronic and progressive neurological disease that results in neuronal cell death, which can lead to a variety of symptoms. Find our full video library only on Osmosis: http://osms.it/more.

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This is a brief video on non-hereditary demyleinating disorders.

I created this presentation with Google Slides.
Image were created or taken from Wikimedia Commons
I created this video with the YouTube Video Editor.

ADDITIONAL TAGS:
Acquired demyelinating diseases
Non-hereditary diseases in which normally-formed myelin degenerates as a result of insult on myelin or oligodendrocytes with preservation of the axons
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis
By BruceBlaus – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44926477

Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Most common chronic CNS disorder in young adults (up to 1/1000)
Perivascular inflammation
Shows both acute and chronic lesions (polyphasic)
Acute: loss of oligodendrocytes; reactive astrocytes/macrophages
Chronic: fibrous astrocyte gliosis
Diagnosed with MRI and oligoclonal IgG bands in CSF (but not in serum)
RIGHT: abundant neutrophils and macrophages infiltrate where myelin is missing (top-left of image)
Distinct lesion edge
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis
By Marvin 101 – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2846763

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Resembles MS (sometimes called borderline form of MS)
Thought to follow viral infection (flu, MMR, herpes)
Perivenous inflammation
Loss of white matter to the vessels, histo shows macrophages
Monophasic lesions in white matter
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Caused by the papovavirus JC virus
Most people have positive serology for JC (infected), with virus kept under control
Complication for immunocompromised patients (AIDS)
Early stage: multiple demyelination foci in white matter
Late stage: growing necrotic lesion involves cortex
Histo:
Macrophages engulfing myelin debris; not many other WBCs bc immunocompromised
Large, bizarre, transformed astrocytes
Enlarged oligodendroglial nuclei
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis

Leukoencephalopathy associated with AIDS
Perivascular giant cells (multinucleated, with HIV antigens)
Release toxic cytokines that play role in pathogenesis
Causes AIDS dementia
Pallor of cerebral white matter (myelin degeneration not seen on histo)
Normal CT on left, AIDS brain on right
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis
LEFT:
By Afiller (talk) (Uploads) – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23542660

RIGHT:
Public domain (government work)

Central pontine myelinolysis
Pathogenesis
Patients have chronic, severe hyponatremia (low Na)
Intracellular adaptations (cells pump out other osmoles) to compensate
Patients treated with saline to increase serum tonicity
Cells can’t decompensate fast enough, causes shearing of the myelin cells
Predominantly iatrogenic
Demyelination is worse at base of pons (sometimes lateral geniculate bodies and internal/external capsules → osmotic myelinolysis)
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis
Pontine perivascular fibers hypointense to the rest of the pons
By Jto410 – clinical work as a radiologist, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25606029
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