Dealing with blood group incompatibilities between mother and child can be daunting. In this video, you’ll learn how to avoid harm to the unborn child by preventing Rhesus D alloimmunization and hemolytic disease. Confidently choose the right blood product for your patient at the right time with our Transfusion Essentials course. You’ll master the administration of blood products, understand how blood typing works, when it’s ok to skip some parts of the testing, how to deal with complications, blood group constellations in pregnancy and apply your knowledge to real-life patient cases.
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Helicobacter Pylori Infection, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment.
cures No Comments »Helicobacter pylori, previously known as Campylobacter pylori, is a gram-negative, microaerophilic, spiral (helical) bacterium usually found in the stomach.[5] Its helical shape (from which the genus name, helicobacter, derives) is thought to have evolved in order to penetrate the mucoid lining of the stomach and thereby establish infection.[7][8] The bacterium was first identified in 1982 by Australian doctors Barry Marshall and Robin Warren.[9][10][11] H. pylori has been associated with lymphomas of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in the stomach, esophagus, colon, rectum, or tissues around the eye (termed extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the cited organ),[12][13] and of lymphoid tissue in the stomach (termed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma).[14]
H. pylori infection usually has no symptoms but sometimes causes gastritis (stomach inflammation) or ulcers of the stomach or first part of the small intestine. The infection is also associated with the development of certain cancers occurring in less than 20% of cases.[15] Many investigators have suggested that H. pylori causes or prevents a wide range of other diseases, but many of these relationships remain controversial.[16][17][18][19]
Some studies suggest that H. pylori plays an important role in the natural stomach ecology, e.g. by influencing the type of bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tract.[15][18] Other studies suggest that non-pathogenic strains of H. pylori may beneficially normalize stomach acid secretion,[20] and regulate appetite.[20]
In 2015, it was estimated that over 50% of the world’s population had H. pylori in their upper gastrointestinal tracts[6] with this infection (or colonization) being more common in developing countries.[4] In recent decades, however, the prevalence of H. pylori colonization of the gastrointestinal tract has declined in many countries.[21] Up to 90% of people infected with H. pylori never experience symptoms or complications.[22] However, individuals infected with H. pylori have a 10% to 20% lifetime risk of developing peptic ulcers.[23][24] Acute infection may appear as an acute gastritis with abdominal pain (stomach ache) or nausea.[3] Where this develops into chronic gastritis, the symptoms, if present, are often those of non-ulcer dyspepsia: Stomach pains, nausea, bloating, belching, and sometimes vomiting.[25][26] Pain typically occurs when the stomach is empty, between meals, and in the early morning hours, but it can also occur at other times. Less common ulcer symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.
Bleeding in the stomach can also occur as evidenced by the passage of black stools; prolonged bleeding may cause anemia leading to weakness and fatigue. If bleeding is heavy, hematemesis, hematochezia, or melena may occur. Inflammation of the pyloric antrum, which connects the stomach to the duodenum, is more likely to lead to duodenal ulcers, while inflammation of the corpus (i.e. body of the stomach) is more likely to lead to gastric ulcers.[27][28] Individuals infected with H. pylori may also develop colorectal[29][30] or gastric[31] polyps, i.e. non-cancerous growths of tissue projecting from the mucous membranes of these organs. Usually, these polyps are asymptomatic but gastric polyps may be the cause of dyspepsia, heartburn, bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract, and, rarely, gastric outlet obstruction[31] while colorectal polyps may be the cause of rectal bleeding, anemia, constipation, diarrhea, weight loss, and abdominal pain.[32]
Individuals with chronic H. pylori infection have an increased risk of acquiring a cancer that is directly related to this infection.[12][13][23][24] These cancers are stomach adenocarcinoma, less commonly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the stomach,[14] or extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of the stomach,[33][34] or, more rarely, of the colon,[13][34] rectum,[35] esophagus,[36] or ocular adenexa (i.e. orbit, conjunctiva, and/or eyelids).[37][38] The signs, symptoms, pathophysiology, and diagnoses of these cancers are given in the cited linkages.
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The Helicobacter Pylori (also known as H. Pylori) bacteria has been known to cause 84% of all stomach cancers!
Watch to find out more about H. Pylori, how you can be diagnosed with H. Pylori infection, and if you have been infected, the available treatment options.
If you want to know more, book a consultation with your gastroenterologist to evaluate your condition and to see if you require further investigations with your symptoms.
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Knee pain when hiking, especially on the downhill is one of the most common complaints I hear, but it can be different for each individual and is sometimes very hard to fix. Here’s a bunch of great tips that you can implement right away to help releive and solve the issue.
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really brutal and horrifying mountain hiking accidents. real injuries from accidents.
(USMLE topics) Pathophysiology of HDN, Signs and Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment options.
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Hemolytic disease of the newborn, HDN, is a condition in which red blood cells of a newborn infant, or a perinatal fetus, are destroyed prematurely, resulting in anemia. HDN occurs when the blood types of the mother and baby are incompatible. A blood type refers to the presence or absence of a certain antigen, on the surface of a person’s red blood cells. Incompatibility happens when the baby has an antigen that the mother does not have. The mother’s immune system interprets the antigen as “foreign” and produces antibodies to target the cells carrying it for destruction.
While in principle HDN may occur with mismatch in any blood group, severe cases most commonly involve D-antigen of the Rh system. Specifically, HDN may develop if an Rh-negative mother, having no D-antigen, carries an Rh-positive fetus, with D-antigen. The first mismatch pregnancy, however, is usually not at risk. This is because the placenta normally does a good job separating the mother’s blood from the fetal blood, preventing the fetal red blood cells from being exposed to the mother’s immune system. However, at birth, or if a miscarriage or abortion occurs, the tearing of the placenta exposes fetal blood to the mother, who then responds by producing anti-D antibodies. Because antibody production takes some time, it does not affect the first baby; but if the mother is again pregnant with another Rh-positive fetus, her antibodies, being small enough to cross the placenta, can now cause hemolysis.
The first mismatch pregnancy may be at risk if the mother has previously been exposed to the antigen in other ways, such as through blood transfusion or sharing needles, or if the placental barrier is breached because of trauma, or medical procedures early in the pregnancy.
Anemia can cause heart failure, respiratory distress, and edema. Infants born with HDN also develop jaundice due to the accumulation of bilirubin, a yellow product of hemoglobin breakdown. Because red blood cells are destroyed rapidly and infants are unable to excrete bilirubin effectively, its levels rise quickly within 24h of birth. Bilirubin is toxic for brain tissues and may cause irreversible brain damage in a condition known as kernicterus. Other signs of HDN include enlarged liver, spleen, and presence of immature red blood cells, erythroblasts, in the blood. Some of these signs can be detected before birth, with ultrasound imaging.
HDN that involves D-antigen can now be effectively prevented with anti-D antibody. It is given to Rh-negative mothers during and soon after the first mismatch pregnancy. The antibody binds to fetal blood cells that leak into the mother’s blood, either destroying them, or hiding them from the mother’s immune system, thus preempting the mother’s immune response.
Infants born with HDN are usually treated with intravenous fluid, and phototherapy, a procedure in which a certain spectrum of light is used to convert bilirubin to a form that is easier for the infant to excrete.
Severe anemia may be treated with:
– blood transfusion,
– intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy, which works by blocking the destruction of antibody-coated red blood cells.
– and exchange transfusion, where the baby’s blood is essentially replaced with Rh-negative donor blood. This procedure is very effective at removing bilirubin and reducing the destructive effect of the mother’s antibody, but may have adverse effects.
Top 10 On-Set Jackie Chan Injuries
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Jackie Chan is legendary for his martial arts and doing his own stunts on set, but those amazing scenes can be dangerous! WatchMojo presents the Top 10 Injuries Jackie Chan suffered while shooting! But what will take the top spot on our list? Will it be his neck, injury, his eye injury, or his fractured skull? Watch to find out!
#10. Broken Ankle from “Rumble in the Bronx” (1995)
#9. Knee Injury from “City Hunter” (1993)
#8. Chin Injury from “Dragon Lord” (1982)
#7. Shoulder / Cheekbone Injury “Police Story 3: Super Cop” (1992)
#6. Dislocated Sternum from “Armour of God II: Operation Condor” (1991)
#5. Crushed Legs in “Crime Story” (1993)
#4. Electric Shock, Burned Hands, Broken Vertebrae, etc… from “Police Story” (1985)
#3, #2, #1 ?
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Scientists have developed a therapeutic vaccine for HIV which has the potential to create a functional cure for the disease. Here’s how it works.
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Have doctors found a cure for HIV? Since 1981 the AIDS epidemic has killed around 35 million people. Up until now HIV antiretroviral drugs have been the only way to control the disease. But they create their own problems as antiretrovirals can cost around ,000 a year.
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Hurricane Katrina New Orleans Hospital Disaster | Trapped Emergency | Nature Documentary
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The Tulane University Hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana takes in patients from other hospitals during Hurricane Katrina. When the basement starts to flood after the hurricane, the decision is made to evacuate. What is to become of the hundreds of patients on life support? Watch this incredible tale of survival and rescue unfold during one of the worst hurricane disasters ever recorded.
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In August, 2005, America suffered one of the worst disasters in its long history when Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast. The massive storm caused widespread damage across the region, but it was in the city of New Orleans, Louisiana where true disaster struck when the levees broke and the ocean surged into the streets, washing away entire neighborhoods.
Over 1800 people died, with more than 0 billion in property damage, thanks in large part of poor decisions and institutional failures. It also featured Kanye West publicly roasting President George Bush, armed forces shooting citizens in the streets, hundreds of missing children, and the horrors of the Superdome. Here are just some of the messed up things that happened during Hurricane Katrina.
#HurricaneKatrina #NaturalDisasters #Storms
The Storm | 0:00
Warnings ignored | 1:17
Levees failed | 2:25
Bad evacuation plans | 3:38
Superdome deaths | 4:39
Elderly victims | 5:47
Environmental racism | 6:52
Lost foster kids | 7:48
Hurricane itself, not deadly | 8:50
FEMA’s failures | 9:47
Police were redirected | 10:55
Read Full Article: https://www.grunge.com/436741/messed-up-things-that-happened-during-hurricane-katrina/
Triple H injured his left quadriceps muscle
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Triple H Injury of knee cap
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