Archive for January, 2024

5th person known to go into remission from HIV shares his story for 1st time

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ABC News’ Juju Chang sat down with Paul Edmonds to discuss the challenges he has overcome and how he has made medical history.

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A New York woman may be the first to have been cured using a new paradigm of treatment.

From 1981, when the first patients with HIV were identified, to 2007 – a cure for the deadly virus would have been a miracle. And then, Timothy Ray Brown – known as “The Berlin Patient” was cured. And just like that, a miracle became science.

Mr. Brown had been diagnosed with HIV in 1995. In 2006, he was diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia which would require a donor bone marrow stem cell transplant for treatment. But this wasn’t just any donor. His donor was one of less than 1% of the world’s population, with a unique genetic mutation known as the CCR5-∆32 mutation. This rendered the donor’s immune cells resistant to HIV.

It was a gamble, to be sure, but it proved to be a successful one. Mr. Brown lived from 2007 to 2020 without the need for anti-retroviral therapy. He died from a relapse of AML. No HIV was detected at the time of his death.

The question, of course is simple: why can’t more people be cured of HIV?

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Haliburton, Morant suffer injuries | Jazz shock Bucks | Clippers Roll Suns

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Matt Moore and David Ramil break down the latest news and action in the NBA. Ja Morant is done for the season. What does this mean for the Grizzlies and the trade deadline? Tyrese Haliburton suffers a bad spill and could miss serious time; should the Pacers make trades to upgrade if Haliburton is out more than a few weeks? The Pacers without Hali stun the Celtics. The Bucks lose to the Jazz and it’s time to start asking if this defense can be considered championship viable. The Clippers might just be the best team in the Western Conference. Plus trade talk and all the action from Monday night on Locked on NBA.

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Aside from the Wolves and the Thunder… are the Utah Jazz the biggest surprise of the Western Conference this year?
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Multiple sclerosis – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

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Multiple sclerosis - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

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This is a brief video on non-hereditary demyleinating disorders.

I created this presentation with Google Slides.
Image were created or taken from Wikimedia Commons
I created this video with the YouTube Video Editor.

ADDITIONAL TAGS:
Acquired demyelinating diseases
Non-hereditary diseases in which normally-formed myelin degenerates as a result of insult on myelin or oligodendrocytes with preservation of the axons
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis
By BruceBlaus – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44926477

Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Most common chronic CNS disorder in young adults (up to 1/1000)
Perivascular inflammation
Shows both acute and chronic lesions (polyphasic)
Acute: loss of oligodendrocytes; reactive astrocytes/macrophages
Chronic: fibrous astrocyte gliosis
Diagnosed with MRI and oligoclonal IgG bands in CSF (but not in serum)
RIGHT: abundant neutrophils and macrophages infiltrate where myelin is missing (top-left of image)
Distinct lesion edge
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis
By Marvin 101 – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2846763

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Resembles MS (sometimes called borderline form of MS)
Thought to follow viral infection (flu, MMR, herpes)
Perivenous inflammation
Loss of white matter to the vessels, histo shows macrophages
Monophasic lesions in white matter
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Caused by the papovavirus JC virus
Most people have positive serology for JC (infected), with virus kept under control
Complication for immunocompromised patients (AIDS)
Early stage: multiple demyelination foci in white matter
Late stage: growing necrotic lesion involves cortex
Histo:
Macrophages engulfing myelin debris; not many other WBCs bc immunocompromised
Large, bizarre, transformed astrocytes
Enlarged oligodendroglial nuclei
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis

Leukoencephalopathy associated with AIDS
Perivascular giant cells (multinucleated, with HIV antigens)
Release toxic cytokines that play role in pathogenesis
Causes AIDS dementia
Pallor of cerebral white matter (myelin degeneration not seen on histo)
Normal CT on left, AIDS brain on right
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis
LEFT:
By Afiller (talk) (Uploads) – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23542660

RIGHT:
Public domain (government work)

Central pontine myelinolysis
Pathogenesis
Patients have chronic, severe hyponatremia (low Na)
Intracellular adaptations (cells pump out other osmoles) to compensate
Patients treated with saline to increase serum tonicity
Cells can’t decompensate fast enough, causes shearing of the myelin cells
Predominantly iatrogenic
Demyelination is worse at base of pons (sometimes lateral geniculate bodies and internal/external capsules → osmotic myelinolysis)
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis
Pontine perivascular fibers hypointense to the rest of the pons
By Jto410 – clinical work as a radiologist, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25606029
Video Rating: / 5

The Quint: ‘She Was Strong’: Meet The Men Who Cracked the Nirbhaya Case

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The Quint: ‘She Was Strong’: Meet The Men Who Cracked the Nirbhaya Case

“She was a strong lady, and whatever happened in the bus she explained word-by-word. Because of her dying declaration, we got the case convicted.”
In December 2012, Rajender Singh was in-charge of a special task force in Delhi, when he was called by the then-DCP Chhaya Sharma to immediately rush to Munirka in south Delhi. A 23-year-old woman had been brutally gangraped and Singh was asked to report to the hospital where she was and immediately start the investigation.
It was a crime which shook the nation.
Five years later, two key investigators out of the 41-member team of Delhi Police officers speak to The Quint about how they cracked the Nirbhaya case, the intense pressure to solve the crime and their feelings about the SC verdict upholding the death sentence of four convicts in the case.

Video: The Quint
Music: Big Bang Fuzz

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